The Precursors Of Today’s Engineers

The precursors of today’s engineers listed in the quotation from Wickenden had no classes and few or no books from which to learn scientific principles. How can you explain their success?William Wickenden remarks were direct to the facts that the first engineers were self though, geniuses in nature and well skill in technical aspects. Even without the formal scientific education they were able to engineer master creation such as the Roma’s aqueducts and others. Their success came from the ability of observation and trial and error and a hands-on in the manufacturing process of the era. 1-2. Compare how well engineering and management satisfy the several parts of the definition of a profession.The engineering profession involves the application of science and mathematics, practical training, experience and work-study to satisfy the human necessities. The management profession involve the way personnel are directed to a specific task or training. The Engineering managemen t profession combine both resulting in a profession that is oriented to brings together the technological problem-solving savvy of engineering and the organizational, administrative, and planning abilities. 1-3. Why is it so difficult to answer the simple question â€Å"How many engineers are there in the United States?† Is the question â€Å"How many physicians are there in the United States?† any? Easier?We can do an approximation of the engineer using the university graduation rate but due the long list of engineering field that doesn’t require state registration as a professional engineer is difficult establish the total engineering working force in the US. Contrary to the engineers the physician need to be register in the state that they are working and for that reason is easier to account for all physicians.Comment on the sensitivity of U.S. engineering employment to a major change in the Department of Defense budget. What types of engineers would be espec ially affected?Working in the department of defense NAVY, I can attest to the fact that reduction in the General funds of the Department of defense will reduce the MILCO projects and then a reduction in the civil engineering work force can be foreseeing.What are the similarities in the definitions of management quoted from authors of management textbooks? Do the definitions provided by business executives differ in any way? Synthesize your own definition of management.From this entire collection of quotes the common factor is the interaction and direction to the human factor that the manager need to performed to achieve the organization goals. All quotes have similar interpretation of management.The work of creating and maintaining environments in which people can accomplish goals efficiently and effectively (Albanese10)†¢ The process of achieving desired results through efficient utilization of human and material resources (Bedeian11) †¢ The process of reaching organizati onal goals by working with and through people and other organizational resources (Certo12) †¢ A set of activities (including planning and decision making, organizing, leading, and control- ling) directed at an organization’s resources (human, financial, physical, and information) with the aim of achieving organizational goals in an efficient and effective manner (Griffin13) †¢ The process by which managers create, direct, maintain, and operate purposive organizations through coordinated, cooperative human effort (McFarland14)†¢ The process of acquiring and combining human, financial, informational, and physical resources to attain the organization’s primary goal of producing a product or service desired by some segment of society (Pringle, Jennings, and Longnecker15)How does the job of supervisor or first-line manager differ from that of a higher-level manager?The first line manager can be call as the â€Å"do man† there are focus in the short ran ge operating plans governing what will be done tomorrow or next week, assign tasks to their workers, supervise the work that is done, and evaluate the performance of individual workers. The higher-level look the operation from 30, 000 feet about sea water overseeing the big picture of all process such as; financing, cost, and business development. 1-7. How does the job of a top manager differ from the jobs in the several levels of middle Management?As specified in the previous questions the top manager focus in the big picture of the organization performance or as they said the NAVY they don’t want to know what is in hot dog the tell me the total hot dogs that we have. Question that they focus, the goals are reached? the funding is in place, all requirements are meet? .Identify the three types of skills needed by an effective manager, as conceived by Robert L. Katz, and describe how the relative need for them might vary with the level of management.The three skills that Katz suggested that the Manager needs are technical, interpersonal and conceptual, He describe that the first line of manager need to have the technical skill due to the position in the lowest level where there are supervising technical personnel. It also mentions that the interpersonal skill is need in the lowest and higher level because the iteration with people. Finally the conceptual skill is inherent to the higher level manager were they need to see the broad picture of the industry that there are managing. 1-9. From the 10 managerial roles provided by Mintzberg, choose three or four that you consider most important for the first-line manager, and explain your selection. Repeat for middle-level and top managers.1. First-line manager: the manager require to be focus in the short range operating plans governing what will be done tomorrow or next week, assign tasks to their workers, supervise the work that is done, and evaluate the performance of individual workers. 2. Leader 3. The di sturbance allocator 4. The resources allocator2. Middle-level manager: They focus in the performance of the operation and served as the link between the lower and high management, The liaison The monitor role The disseminator The negotiator The resources allocator3. High level manager: they focus on overseeing the big picture of all process such as; financing, cost, and business development. The Figured head The spokesman The entrepreneurial 1-10. How would you distinguish between engineering management and management in general?Engineering management require a technical background and expertise in the area of work , the decision making need to be according with the fundamental of sciences and engineering including all cost analysis and life cycle analysis. the general management is oriented to the management of no technical resources such as clerical and no technical personnel. We can simplify saying that depending whom and what are going to be managed is the requirements of the ty pe of manager.

Fuzzy Logic Algorithms for Minor Edge Detection

IntroductionThe early stages of vision fixing distinguish includes in images that are important to measuring the construction and belongingss of points in a scene. Edges are one such highlighted characteristics. Edges are notable nearby alterations in the image and are indispensable high spots for look intoing images. Edges normally occurs between two distinguishable boundary in a image. Edge location is much of the clip the initial stage in retrieving informations from images or images. Because of its significance, border find keeps on being a dynamic geographic expedition zone. Edge find refers to the process of distinguishing and happening crisp discontinuities in a image. The discontinuities are sudden alterations in pel power which characterize the bounds of objects in a scene. The indispensable border find system is to concentrate the degree of fluctuation between diverse pels by put to deathing edge-location operators for every small matrix country.Edges obtained from non-triv ial images are often hampered by discontinuity, connoting that the border decompression sicknesss are non associated, losing border subdivisions and false borders non associating to intriguing phenomena in the image, therefore perplexing the attendant undertaking of interpreting the image information. Edge location is one of the cardinal paces in image or image handling, image scrutiny, image design recognition, and PC vision systems. In Digital Image Processing there are typical schemes for border location like First Order Derivative ( gradiant method ) , Second-Order Derivative and Optimal Edge Detection to separate the border. The gradiant methods are utilised for image ascent or to better the inside informations shown in the image and these derivative operations can be utilized for location of borders present in the image.In our proposed work, Sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic is utilised to place borders of a given image. The pick o f Sobel border sensor algorithm is propelled by the echt actuality that it consolidates each border location moreover goes about as smoothing decision maker belongings.Fuzzy image processing is the assemblage of all methodological analysiss that comprehend, speak to and treat the images, their fragments and high spots as fuzzed sets. The representation and fixing rely on upon the fuzzed method and on the issue to be tackled. Fluzzy sets, so, are competent to bespeak imprecise constructs.1.1 LITERATURE SURVEYTo transport out any undertaking work it is really indispensable to understand the current scenario and the engineering virtues and demerits of the subject. In this context, literature study has been carried out to explicate the job and to take the aims of the undertaking work.Different border sensing techniques have been studied from the paper [ 1 ] .The writer G.T. Shrivakshan presents virtues and demerits of different border sensing methods like Sobel, Prewitt and Robert’s, Canny operator. From this treatment it is apparent that sobel border sensor is advantageous than other techniques. The execution of sobel border sensor in Xilinx is presented by writer Ravi.S et.al [ 2 ] . FPGA based design and execution of country efficient Sobel Edge sensing filter is presented utilizing a combination of hardware and package constituents Rajesh Mehra et.al [ 3 ] and in this paper pipelined method is used to implement the border sensing filter. This attack is utile to better the system public presentation. The execution of Sobel border sensor is presented by writers R. Vincent et.al [ 4 ] . Here a brace of3Ten3whirl masks is used, one gauging gradient in the x-direction and the other gauging gradient inY–direction in Matlab. And states that Sobel sensor is improbably sensitive to resound in images, it efficaciously highlights them as borders. Hence, Sobel operator is recommended in monolithic informations communicating found in informations transportation. The writers Kiranpreet Kaur et.al [ 5 ] studies the execution of fuzzy border sensing in MATLAB environment to observe the borders of an input image by scanning it throughout utilizing a 2X2 pel window. The consequences of the implemented algorithm has been compared with the criterion border sensing algorithm such as ‘Canny’ , ‘Sobel’ , ‘Prewit’ and ‘Roberts’ . The fuzzy regulation based image processing algorithm for observing the borders in the image, based on the alterations in the grey values is presented by writers C. Kavitha et.al [ 6 ] . Gray values of the image are taken as the input of the fuzzy system and a floating mask of 3Ãâ€"3 is applied on the image to observe border pel utilizing the preset fuzzy regulations. The execution of fuzzed logic to observe the borders in MATLAB is presented by writers Er.Mandeep Singh Sandhu et.al [ 7 ] .Edges are detected in horizontal, perpendicular and in diagonal waies utilizing 5X5 pel window. And it besides presents different advantages and disadvantages of fuzzed logic. The consequences of the implemented algorithm has been compared with the criterion border sensing algorithm such as ‘Sobel’ and ‘Roberts’ . 1.2 PROBLEM FORMULATION From the literature study it has been observed that there are issues of false border find, losing genuine borders, making slender or thick lines and issues because of noise and so on. So fuzzed logic has been used for minor border sensing in the image and besides fuzzed logic algorithm helps to get the better of the false border detected by the sobel border operator.The MATLAB executing of typical border locater has been done before nevertheless from literature study it has been observed that there is drawback of immense computation clip. So to suppress the issue the proposed algorithm is implemented in XILINX.1.3 AimThe chief aims of the undertaking work that are to be carried out are as followsTo plan and implement the sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic in Matlab.To plan and implement the sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic in Xilinx.To cipher the SNR, PSNR, RMSE of sobel border sensor and enha nced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic.To cipher the country and hold of sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm.1.4MethodologyLiterature Survey to be carried out on border sensor algorithm in Xilinx. Survey includes surveies on different border sensing techniques and different algorithms.To develop the sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic in Matlab and Xilinx.Using Xilinx package calculates the country and hold of sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm to be implemented.Comparing the border images of Sobel and implemented enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic.Calculating the SNR, PSNR, RMSE of sobel border sensor and enhanced border sensor algorithm utilizing fuzzed logic.1.5 TOOLS REQUIRED1.5.1 Software Requirementsi‚ · Matlab ( 7.10 )Xilinx1.5.2 Hardware RequirementSpartan 3E1.6ApplicationsUsed in satellite images edge sensing. Satellite images consist of many char acteristics and objects with different forms and size. Edge sensing helps to pull out utilize full information.Used in medical images edge sensing for object acknowledgment of the human variety meats.Grape leaf disease sensing and analysis.Bettering image quality.Egg shell defects sensing on white eggs.1.7 ADVANTAGESAn advantage of using a bigger size sobel mask is that the mistake because of the impacts of noise are decreased by vicinity averaging inside of the country of the mask.An favourable place of using a mask of uneven size is that the operators are focused and hence can supply an rating that is based on Centre pel.Fuzzy techniques can cover with the ambiguity and vagueness proficiently.Fuzzy logic is tolerant of unsure informations.1.8 DISADVANTAGESMinor strength fluctuations in grey scale images can non be detected utilizing sobel operators.Sobel operator detects false borders along with true borders.1.9 ORGANIZATION OF REPORT This study consists of 5 chapters and mentions. Chapter 1:Presents the Introduction, Literature study, Problem preparation, Objectives, Tools required, Methodology, Applications, Advantages, Disadvantages and eventually the Project study organisation. Chapter 2:Provides brief theory about the undertaking. Chapter 3:Presents the inside informations about execution of sobel operator in matlab. Chapter 4:Provides the consequences and treatments of undertaking. Chapter 5:Provides the decisions and future work about the undertaking. Mentions:Provides sufficient mentions relevant to the undertaking for easy apprehension of the capable affair and some of the beginnings used in development.

College Binge Drinking Epidemic

College Binge Drinking Epidemic Throughout the years, drinking alcohol in excessive amounts has become somewhat synonymous with the college experience. It has become an expected occurrence for college-aged students to drink and party regularly, and overtime has transformed into an accepted social norm of college life. Extreme drinking has been a consistent social problem that has substantially grown on college campuses all around the United States for the past few decades. In fact, binge drinking is consistently voted as the most serious problem on campuses by collegiate presidents (College Binge Drinking Facts).Thus, most campuses have recognized binge drinking as a serious problem, yet this epidemic continues on, and many seem to turn a blind eye toward it. According to Learn-About-Alcoholism. com, 90% of the alcohol consumed by teens is consumed in the form of binge drinking. Binge drinking is a widespread phenomenon on most college campuses, including the University of Massachuse tts Amherst, and has harmful and dangerous consequences as well as significant impacts on the goal higher education. First, it is important to establish a definition for the term ‘binge drinking. The National Institute for Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAA) defines binge drinking as â€Å"a pattern of drinking alcohol that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0. 08 gram-percent or above. For a typical adult, this pattern corresponds to consuming five or more drinks (male), or four or more drinks (female), in about two hours† (What Colleges Need to Know Now). In essence, binge drinking is the drinking of alcoholic beverages with the primary intention of becoming heavily intoxicated by alcohol over a short period of time.In a nationwide survey, nearly half of all college students (42%) reported binge drinking during the last two weeks. It is obvious that binge drinking is a severe problem on college campuses as almost half of all students engage in this risky acti vity that leads to unhealthy and negative outcomes. In this situation, the objective social issue is binge drinking on college campuses around the country, including UMass Amherst. The subjective social problems are all of the various repercussions that binge drinking can result in (Lundquist Lecture January 25).Most college students do not consider these serious risks when they participate in heavy drinking. These consequences include intentional and unintentional injuries, alcohol poisoning, physical and sexual abuses, unprotected sex and sexually transmitted diseases, relationship problems, alcohol addiction, and poor grades. Long-term use of alcohol risks liver damage, pancreatitis, certain cancers, literal shrinkage of the brain, neurological damage, high blood pressure, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases (Witmer).It is clear there are countless negative effects both physically and mentally, and long-term and short-term caused by excessive alcohol consumption. There are numerous groups of people who view binge drinking on campuses as problematic. School administrators and the faculty of colleges are concerned with this problem because it tarnishes the reputation of the school, inflicts damage to school property, and injures or even kills students. Parents of these college students also view drinking as problematic, as it is likely they are paying for their children to attend school, and their teens are partying their college years away.Students who do not binge drink on campus but witness the effects of it on their peers and friends are concerned with this problem, and are also greatly affected by the behavior of students who binge drink. Among students who do not binge drink on a given night, 71% have had sleep or study disrupted, 11% had been pushed, hit, or assaulted by the binge drinker, 57% had to spend the majority of their sleep time caring for the intoxicated student, 23% had experienced an unwanted sexual encounter, and 16% had property da mage (College Binge Drinking Facts).On the other hand, students who are engaging in binge drinking do not view this as a social problem as they are oblivious to the risky outcomes and alarming statistics. I believe excessive drinking has been defined as a social problem on the UMass Amherst campus because programs and campaigns have been established to help reduce the amount of binge drinking among students. For example, BASICS (Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students) is a program for students found in violation of the UMass liquor code. The program includes two 50-minute counseling sessions with a drug and alcohol prevention specialist.About 1,000 students a year go through the program, mostly students who have violated the campus alcohol rules, but students may also attend on their own free will. Furthermore, freshmen at UMass are required to take a 75-minute online course about alcohol consumption (Drake). UMass also offers many other activities on campus to give extra opportunities for students to participate in rather than illegal drinking. The lifecycle of binge drinking has been established through the NIAA’s definition of binge drinking which defines the problem.The public has transformed it into a public issue with organizations such as SADD and Alcoholics Anonymous. The lifecycle of the binge drinking problem continues with a debate over the cause of it, and finally finishes with coming up with a solution to reduce the amount of binge drinking on campuses (Lundquist Lecture January 25). UMass Amherst has a history of binge drinking and wild parties, thus earning itself the nicknames Zoomass, The Zoo, and Zoomass Slamherst. Although UMass has many outstanding attributes to the school, its drinking reputation and party scene still seems to stand out from the rest of what the school has to offer.In 2005, the Princeton Review awarded UMass Amherst one of the â€Å"Best Northeastern Colleges,† as well as one of the eighty-on e nationwide â€Å"Colleges with a Conscience† for its exceptional community-service learning programs. The Princeton Review also named UMass Amherst the number nine party school in the nation, and obviously this ranking gained more press and attention than the other recognitions (Drake). Most college students do not consider the harmful consequences, both short term and long term, when going out for a night of binge drinking.The three leading causes of death for 15 to 24 year olds are car accidents, homicides, and suicides, and alcohol is a leading factor in all three. Specifically, 1,700 college students between the ages of 18 and 24 die each year from alcohol-related unintentional injuries, including motor vehicle crashes. Annually, an estimated 30,000 college students require medical treatment after overdosing on alcohol. Also, 599,000 college students aged 18 to 24 sustain unintentional injuries each year from use of alcohol.Alcohol is also a catalyst for sexual behavior s, both unprotected and unwanted. More than 97,000 students between the ages of 18 and 24 are victims of alcohol-related sexual assault or date rape. Additionally, 400,000 students aged 18 to 24 had unprotected sex and more than 100,000 students of this age group report having been too intoxicated to know if they consented to having sex (A Snapshot of Annual High-Risk College Drinking Consequences). Alcohol use in college campuses also have a severe negative effect on the academic performance of students who partake in binge drinking.About 25% of college students report academic penalties as a result of drinking such as missing class, falling behind, doing poorly on exams or papers, and receiving lower grades overall (A Snapshot of Annual High-Risk College Drinking Consequences). In fact, frequent binge drinkers are twenty-one times more likely than non-binge drinkers to miss classes, fall behind in schoolwork, engage in vandalism, be injured or hurt, engage in unplanned sexual acti vity, not use protection when having sex, get in trouble with campus police, or drive a car after drinking (Binge Drinking on College Campuses).Some of the top reasons college students give for exposing themselves to binge drinking are drinking to have a good time, drinking to get drunk, and drinking to celebrate. Other rationales are peer pressure, stress from academic and familial issues, and the culture of alcohol consumption on campuses. Students that are more likely to be binge drinkers are white, involved in athletics, age twenty-three or younger, and are residents of a fraternity or a sorority. It is also reported that the prevalence of binge drinking among men is two times the prevalence among women, and is more common by older teens than younger teens.Statistics show that 35% of adults with alcohol dependency developed symptoms by age 19, which is the age of a college student. The proportion of current drinkers that binge is highest in the 18 to 20 year old group (51%) (Qui ck Stats: Binge Drinking). When considering different sociological perspectives on college binge drinking, there are three different outlooks on how it originates among students. The pathological perspective on binge drinking states that drinking is the result of innately evil individuals. The abnormality is genetic, so therefore there is no remedy for binge drinking.The disorganization perspective on binge drinking believes that drinking arises when individuals become disoriented by rapid social and societal change or are socialized to behave badly. These drinkers have not yet adopted the mainstream norms of society. Lastly, the critical perspective on binge drinking takes the viewpoint that inequality leads some groups to binge drink out of economic necessity. They drink to deal with their problems concerning financial instability and other various struggles and hardships of life. (Lundquist Lecture January 25).Statistics across the country prove that binge drinking on college cam puses continues to be a growing problem. Linda Degutis, associate professor of emergency medicine at Yale Medical School, believes college drinking has indeed worsened since she began a career in emergency medicines in the early seventies. She states, â€Å"I don’t remember seeing people coming in with the alcohol overdoses the way we do now† (Seaman 113). Additionally, in the fall of 2003 there was an apparent spike in the alcohol-related hospitalizations across the United States.The first two weekends of George Washington University’s first semester saw a doubling of hospitalizations. At Harvard, the number of Undergraduates carried into University Health Services’ ER on Massachusetts Avenue nearly doubled during October and November from the previous year. (114) The movie, Spin the Bottle: An Example of Social Problems at UMass was a homework assignment for Sociology 103 students to watch. This documentary highlights the growing epidemic of drinking on college campuses, and how the media and advertisements also fuel binge drinking.Clips from the popular comedy films American Pie and Roadtrip are featured in Spin the Bottle showing how movies can influence and encourage teen drinking. College students who view these films get the idea that drinking in college is a rite of passage and that it is a social norm of college life. Spin the Bottle also discussed the status of alcohol advertising and how it appeals to the female market by featuring attractive, feminine women in their ads. This only supports and persuades female college students to keep up with the males in drinking at college parties without seeming too masculine.Spin the Bottle uses the sociological imagination to connect to larger societal issues, such as how industries are only looking to make a profit even if their product has negative effects on people and how the environment of college life affects how an individual makes his or her decisions. In particular, UMass A mherst has experienced out of control parties and riots, all stemming from binge drinking. In 2003, an uprising ensued after a Red Sox playoff game, in which 1,000 UMass students overturned cars, set fires, broke into a dining hall, and threw bottles at police.This called for a supposed greater control over binge drinking and partying. However, three years later in October, town police reported to have arrested approximately 200 students since the start school, a third more than the year before (Schweitzer). In May of 2003, a pre-graduation party which consisted of over 1,500 UMass Amherst students turned into an uncontrollable riot. The so-called â€Å"Hobart Hoedown,† held on Hobart Lane, resulted in students throwing broken pieces of rock and beer bottles at passing cars and police officers.The Amherst Fire Department extinguished a number of fires, one of which burned down a PVTA bus stop. In all, forty-five arrests were made and there were fifteen reported injuries among Amherst cops as well as police overtime at the cost of $20,000 (Lyman). More recently, in February 2008, a wild off-campus house party turned into a dangerous, drunken fight. Athletes allegedly attacked other people attending the party with baseball bats, lacrosse sticks, and bottles.In addition around this time, two students were facing attempted murder charges in late-night conflicts in a UMass dormitory, which included an alleged rape and racially charged double stabbing. As expected, it is believed that binge drinking was the cause of these violent attacks and incidents (Schworm). Even this past weekend, ironically labeled â€Å"Blackout Weekend,† at UMass Amherst, twelve students were hospitalized and treated for serious alcohol intoxication at the Turn It Up dance party at the Mullins Center. Three other students who did not need medical attention but were drunk were placed in protective custody by police (DeForge).Clearly, there is an abundance of issues and various o ccurrences stemming from binge drinking at UMass Amherst, and even with increased policing and enforcing of rules, these events continue to happen. UMass Amherst has made considerable efforts in trying to curtail the amount of drinking and partying that goes on in and around campus. In 2006, the university purchased â€Å"Frat Row,† an infamous string of Greek houses on North Pleasant Street, for $2. 5 million and demolished them (Schweitzer). UMass has implemented the So-Called Social Norms Campaign and has the BASICS program to fight binge drinking on campus.At UMass-Amherst, 68% of men and 58% of women report drinking five or more drinks in a row at least once in the past two weeks, according to the latest surveys. Both of these figures are well above the national average; however they do represent progress from years past. Since 2003, overall binge drinking has dropped 26%, and frequent heavy drinking is down 38% (Schworm). Thus, it is clear UMass has recognized binge dri nking as a social problem on campus and is working on ways of trying to reduce it, although it still remains a significant issue.Ultimately, binge drinking is an extensive social problem that exists on college campuses across America and startling statistics back up the huge numbers of students that are affected by drinking. Serious health problems, physical and sexual abuse, injuries, and poor grades are all penalties resulting from partaking in the risky behavior of binge drinking. There are various influences and reasons that encourage students to drink heavily, including peer pressure, academic and relationship stress, believing it is an accepted culture of college, and drinking to get drunk.UMass in particular has experienced violence, property damage, and student injuries and deaths as a result of binge drinking. The university has recognized the problem and is being proactive about trying to reduce the amount of binge drinking on campus. Clearly, binge drinking is problem of epidemic proportions that is greatly affecting colleges in negative ways, and without actions and solutions to curb dangerous student behavior the issue will only continue to deteriorate campuses and the students themselves.

SAM 340 UNIT 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SAM 340 UNIT 7 - Essay Example Poinsett (1996) reveals that comparatively, youths who participated in sport activities got better grades in class and had good behaviors. This can be attributed to work ethics and general discipline. It is also important to note that the youths who participate in sporting activities tend to have good health (Poinsett, 1996). The parents and the coaches are the main motivators for the youth taking part in sports. They are role models and vital teachers. This is accrued by the atmosphere created by them determining whether the experience in a child will be positive or negative. An example is a scenario whereby the coaches and parents have different goals from those that the children have. Despite of this difference, parents are supposed to nurture the ambitions of their children. Moreover, the parents are supposed to regularly communicate with their children in order to support with regard to fulfilling their dreams (Masteralexis, Barr & Hums, 2012). Parents are supposed to be a natural and ready support mechanism to their children as they engage in various sporting activities. They are therefore vital ingredients in relation to the success of their children in sports. Parents across the world have taken inititiative to take part in their children’s sports development. Some parents take their time to play with their children just to expose them to various sporting activities. When a child is in the elementary school, he or she is supposed to be helped by the parent in developing simple skills like kicking, running and jumping which will contribute to eventual skill development. At that particular moment, sports are supposed to be mainly emphasized on games termed to be cooperative. These cooperative games should offer a chance of skill and talent exploration by the youth. In addition, it is supposed to improve and create success to the youth in relation to the sport (Masteralexis, Barr & Hums, 2012). In the elementary sch ool, sports emphasis is

Gender, Crime & Justice ( social policy studies) Essay

Gender, Crime & Justice ( social policy studies) - Essay Example Or the court may dismiss the case and the trial will not begin. This is unethical and the case of rape ends even before it begins. Even in such modern societies of today, women are constantly being subjected to gender inequality and injustice. Gender injustice can be described as any kind of bias or discriminating behavior done on the origin of gender, be it male or female, just like discrimination is done on the grounds of race, religion, color or creed. However, the issue of gender injustice to women is given great importance by feminists around the world, presently, as compared to male gender injustice. Many laws and regulations have been produced to protect women’s rights from human rights abuse. Crime is defined as any act contrary to law, human or divine, an offence or breach of regulation, a wrong doing, and a sin that is punishable by law. In most cases a crime is a product of free-will, the choice of an individual or group who has weighed the consequences and then com mitted the act. Crime can also be the result of a mental deficiency, emotional disorder or due to cultural and biological factors. 44% of drug users are said to be involved in crime. International criminals generate almost $10 billion as foundation businesses of international criminal networks. ... The reasons that accounts for committing crimes like rape and juvenile delinquency are mainly opportunity, dare-devilry, and feelings of bravado, breakdown of values, greed, peer pressures, personal motives, easy access to guns, weak or extreme hold of religion and drug/alcohol addictions. It is observed that people who live with an inferiority complex are more likely to be criminals and also those who desire for power or authority, wanting to attract attention, enjoying risks, who desires revenge or have grown up in violent atmospheres. People who get brainwashed or have no fear of accountability or being caught are also likely to be criminals [Agha: 2006]. However, the rate of women committing crimes is also increasing since the last century. Women are generally thought to be of a kind, loving and gentle nature. They are usually not assumed to be associated with crimes. But the constant race and demand for gender equality, and new face of violent women being shown on television and movie screens has led to the recognition and acceptance of women committing crimes. The FBI’s Uniform Crime Report of 1996 showed that a surprising research that 93% of women were arrested for doing crime compared to only 43% of men arrested for being involved in crimes in the time span of last 10 years. These crimes included rape, prostitution and sexual assaults. Men were arrested more for murders, for which only a small number of women were responsible. Both men and women are responsible for the prevailing crime rate in a country and should be punished equally on same grounds and principles with no favoritism or biasness. Lately, a lot of evidences have been presented to proof the fact that more number of women is involved in crimes today rather than men.

Medical coding Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Medical coding - Coursework Example While similar studies could be done using data collection from other government services, it would take much more time to do so. CPT can help quickly summarize the data and highlight areas of high frequency or areas which have become important during the last few years. By following such an analysis insurers could be able to reduce their cost and their final price for the customers too. By pricing their insurance products according to occurrence rates for specific ailments, prices for certain insurance covers could be reduced. Also, insurers would be able to track the areas where the claim costs are highest and act accordingly. Finally, this analysis could help make forecasts and predict when certain events are more likely to occur and where – this could help plan resources to tackle such issues in time. 2) Extension to pharmacies and laboratories: CPT codes could be given extension to cover pharmacies’ and laboratories’ activities. The CPT could cover the entire Medication Therapy Management (MTM) services. This would prevent adverse dispensing events and the physicians would also be kept up to date on medical consulting/therapy that the patients have already received. Further, laboratories could also use the CPT codes just like physicians for reporting and managing their billing and services to patients. 3) Cross-country standardization: As CPT codes have standardized the healthcare and insurance industry practice in the US, an extension of these codes could be to set the standards internationally. With such standardization, sharing of best practices and faster dissemination of information across countries could be much faster and efficient. 4) Remote surgery protocols: CPT codes could also be helpful in conducting remote surgeries. Remote surgeries refer to physicians conducting a surgery from an offsite location using robot technology which is linked up through the internet. CPT codes could help by having standard

Does the Second Admendment need alteration Research Paper

Does the Second Admendment need alteration - Research Paper Example In spite of their effectiveness, these documents have numerous flaws. The second amendment and its ensuing argument, is an example of a flaw, divides the country into two distinct camps (Carlson 2). This essay will advocate for repeal of the law to state that each household should have a firearm. Carlson asserts that the right for individuals in the U.S to bear arms has been the been the focus of various political debates (2). The debates revolve around the infringement of gun ownership by the U.S government. By restricting the possession of firearms, will the government be servicing its own selfish interests or is it simply being mindful about its citizen’s welfare. Do the government and its bodies, such as the senate, have the right to re-interpret this law to fit modern times (Gerber 4). This is considering the difference in time from when the law was first enacted. Another question regards the effects that would arise from this re-interpretation. Would this new and modified law help U.S. citizens or simply worsen the current situation? The crime rates in the U.S. are not dropping anytime soon, and the right to bear arms is not a cause of this trend (Charles 13). The individuals who bear arms are not the perpetrators of crime. The thieves, murderers and other villains possess their firearms illegally. For this reason, should the government concentrate on the second amendment or the laws on purchasing? In my opinion, the latter needs to be stricter to curb the prevalence of crime perpetrated by illegal firearms. The aforementioned fact of illegal firearms perpetrating crimes leads to the central argument of this essay. Charles continues to state that it should be universally established that families should be inherently granted the right to bear arms (14). Bearing arms assists families in protecting themselves from rapists, thieves and other thugs that

Arnold Lazarus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Arnold Lazarus - Essay Example Central to his work has been the phrase that started this report "Think Well-Act Well-Feel Well-Be-Well". This is his model and it is prominently displayed on his website. His contributions to the field have moved counselors into a better understanding of the "best practices" for certain disorders. Not only has he been a pioneer in the field but he has received hundreds of honors and opportunities in the past and in the world today. Lazarus was born in 1932 in Johannesburg South Africa. Not much is known about his life in South Africa but it is known that his early education started at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. While he was there he studied psychology and earn a B.A. degree. His interests lay in psychology and behavior. In 1956 he published his first paper in psychotherapy as his [perhaps] his Masters thesis entitled, "Behavior Therapy (Novel Guide, 2009). Lazarus came to America in 1963 to become a "visiting assistant professor" in psychology at Stanford University for one year. After that he went back to Witwatersrand University to lecture at their medical school for psychiatry. In 1966 he moved to America again to become the director of the Behavior Therapy Institute in Sausalito, California. He continued writing and in that year he published, Behavior Therapy Techniques with his colleague Joseph Wolpe (Novel Guide). By 1970, Lazarus became a visiting professor at Temple University Medical School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania as a behavioral science professor. In each situation he continued to focus on human behavior and psychology. Lazarus is credited with being a pioneer in the field of psychotherapy. Prior to his work most psychotherapists used a "token economy" or other behavior technique that often took a lot of time and energy for the client to find relief. Lazarus saw that behavior therapy alone was not effective in treating some

European Idea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

European Idea - Essay Example United States had financed the European war effort through the lend lease agreement in which 50.1 billion US Dollars (almost 700 billion dollars at 2007 prices) worth of materiel was dispatched. However at the end of the Second World War, Europe was in no position to repay the mammoth debt. Also the tremendous rise in industrial effort in United States had led to a high level of production capacity whose only possible buyers could be the European states. Thus it was in American vested interests as well to finance the reconstruction of Europe through various instruments available, one of which was the European Recovery Plan or the Marshall Plan. But to American thinkers, the biggest hindrance to the reconstruction of Europe was the traditional strict protectionist trade structure of Europe. American thinkers rightly believed that quick recovery of European Continent could only be possible by the creation of a United Europe on the lines of United States where all the resources availabl e are synergized to achieve a faster reconstruction and growth. However this could not just be credited to United States as the promoter of European Idea as the entire continent was tired of the countless wars and long standing antagonism in the continent. Movements had started all over Europe for integration of Europe into one federal state or state like structure. However the Europeans wanted to stay away from American sphere of influence as well as the iron curtain of Europe and maintain a third European Pole. But the cold war ensured that this non alignment would be increasingly difficult to maintain and the Europe as on the border of expanding Soviet sphere of influence have to choose United States as its reliable partner and accept the American model of governance. The Marshall Plan was the first step in practically forcing the European idea into the real world. As per Marshall Plan, United States agreed to fund the reconstruction effort in post war Europe only on the condition that if the Europe act together and present a mutually agreed reconstruction plan. Indirectly United States dictated the European states to learn to negotiate towards a common European recovery goal rather than the narrow self interest they had hitherto been following. This had a remarkable effect on the integration of future Europe. The Marshall Plan itself and the institutional mechanism established to implement it became the training grounds for the bureaucrats who later on worked in institutional integration of Europe. The success of the plan demonstrated to all and sundry in Europe, the benefits of economic integration. The free trade and non protectionist environment generated due to Marshall Plan ensured continuous two decades of excellent Economic Growth. Thus Ma rshall Plan stands as one towering example of United States's influence in shaping up the European Idea into a practical reality. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) became another fundamental effort by United States to shape up European thought into mutual coexistence in political and defence domains. What Marshal Plan achieved in economic domain was achieved by NATO in political / military domains. Though it can be argued that Marshal Plan started the economic integration process which culminated into one European Economy, while nothing of this sort is visible in military / political

The Key Aspects Of Current Legislative Requirements Essay Example for Free

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Dixons Takeover of Elkjøp

Dixons Takeover of Elkjà ¸p The agreed takeover of Elkjà ¸p by Dixons Contents (Jump to) Abstract Chapter 2 – Literature Review Chapter 3 Sources of Data Chapter 4 Research Design, and Statistical Analysis Chapter 5 Conclusion Bibliography Abstract The roles and responsibilities of the Board of Directors, Chief Operating Officer, or Managing Director, Chief Financial Officer and the remainder of upper management of a listed company, as stated by Jayne Mammatt, Senior Manager at Ernst and Young, â€Å"†¦ have become increasingly onerous in recent years† (Ernst Young, 2006). The key purpose of the Board of Directors is â€Å"†¦ to ensure the †¦Ã¢â‚¬  prosperity of a company by â€Å"†¦ directing the company’s affairs whilst meeting the appropriate interests of its shareholders †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (BREFI group, 2006). The role of the Board of Directors is to (BREFI group, 2006): Establish vision, mission and values, Set strategy and structure, Delegate to management, and Exercise accountability to shareholders and be responsible to relevant stakeholders. The preceding statement bears particular relevance concerning the subject of the acquisition of Elkjà ¸p by Dixons and whether said acquisition will result in a gain in shareholder wealth. The question posed as to the fact that there is evidence that domestic acquisitions do not lead to shareholder wealth gains is borne out in studies conducted by Doukas and Travlos (1988, pp. 1161-1175) and Markides and Ittner (1994, pp. 343-366). Thus, in the case of the acquisition of Elkjà ¸p by Dixons the question to be examined is, if there is any reason to suppose that a cross-border acquisition would be different in terms of leading to shareholder wealth gains? Dixons is one of the largest retailers of electronic products in the Europe, operating in over 12 countries (DSG International plc, 2006a). The company, Dixons Group plc, is presently known as DSG International (UK Business Park, 1999), however it shall be referred to as Dixons in this examination. The company operates in the following sectors under a number of brand names which the company has acquired or set up operations under its own brand (DSG International plc, 2006b): Electricals Currys Electro World Elkjà ¸p Kotsovolos Partmaster Direct UniEuro DSG Insurance Services Computing DSG Business Services Genesis PC City PC World PC World Business The TechGuys e-commerce Dixons.co.uk Pixmania.com The company earned  £7,072,000,000 during 1005 – 2006 and generated  £317,600,000 in profits before tax (DSG International plc, 2006). Elkjà ¸p ASA is the largest wholesale and retail seller of electronic equipment in the Nordic Region with outlets located in Norway, Sweden and Denmark (Business.com, 2006) generating approximately  £475 million in sales in 1999 (Dixons Group plc, 2000/02, p. 3). Dixons has been an acquisition minded company, utilizing this technique to expand into new markets as well as broaden its base of operations in the same mode as Wal-Mart which utilizes the buy in approach to enter markets as opposed to setting up new operations from scratch. The foregoing is evidenced by its acquisition of ASDA in the United Kingdom and planned acquisition of Taiwanese retail Trust-Mart in China (Barboza and Barbaro, 2006). In 1999 Dixons acquired the Norwegian electrical retailer Elkjà ¸p for  £444 million to establish a significant foothold in the markets o f Denmark, Norway and Sweden, as well as a platform for the launch of other branded stores in its portfolio (UK Business Park, 1999). The expansion represents a long standing policy of the company which has acquired (UK Business Park, 1999): 1996, DN Computer Services, a mail order computer company for  £9.7 million 1998, Byte, a computer retailing business acquired from Specialist Computer Holdings for  £7 million to add its 16 outlets to the chain of 50 PC World stores 1999, a chain of 39 electronic retail stores from Seeboard for  £20 million 1998, a stake in with Planet Online to aid in Internet computer sales 1999, an investment in U.S. based Telepost Holdings for  £6 million to expand its Internet based business services 1999, acquisition of Elkjà ¸p for  £444 million 2000, acquisition of Ei System Computer in Spain for  £16 million to add 12 stores to its business line 2000, a 15% stake in Greek electronics retailer P. Kotsovolos for  £44 million 2001, the acquisition of the Danish company SuperRadio, a chain of electronics superstores 2001, the acquisition of a 24% stake in the Italian electrical retailer UniEuro for  £64 million, 2002, the acquisition of Direct Telephone Services, a mobile phone provider for  £31 million 2002, the acquisition of the remaining shares of UniEuro’s 88 stores for an additional  £231 million 2004, the acquisition of WHSU, known as Micro Warehouse, to expand its PC World operations 2005, Dixons changed its name to DSG International The indicated deals point to the management strategy of expansion through acquisition as a long term business plan, of which Elkjà ¸p was another link in that process. This examination shall seek to examine the statement as to whether the instance of the cross border acquisition of Elkjà ¸p by Dixons has lead to a gain in shareholder wealth in light of the statement that there is a sufficient body of evidence in domestic acquisitions that such transactions do not, in most instances, lead to gains in this area. The foregoing question shall be examined through research conducted into the pre and post merger standings of Dixons, as well as other indicators of shareholder values as represented by stock prices, assets, and revenue growth. As stated by Broxterman and Murad (1999, p. 3) the objective and concern of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer and upper management staff is to â€Å"†¦ increase shareholder value†. They state that this is measurable through the following means (Broxterman and Murad (1999, p. 3): Return on Capital Invested, or EVA (Economic Value Added) This term has become a popular metric that measures the trend of an improvement or a decline in shareholder value, and in the instance of public companies this is reflected in the stock price. Accordingly, an increase in shareholder value moves stock prices upward, whereas a decline in this metric sends them downward. Groves (2006) states that in simple terms, a company increases shareholder value through either a reduction in â€Å"†¦ its cost base whilst maintaining revenue †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and or through increasing â€Å"†¦ its revenue whilst maintaining or reducing its cost base†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Bierman (2006, pp. 1-2) makes the same argument, stating that â€Å"Business corporations attempt to make profits and increase the value of the stockholder’s position†. These theories apply to acquisition activity as well, as these transactions represent a facet of corporate strategy to expand their operations and to increase their profit Rappaport, 1997, pp. 14-29). Such can also result, increased profits, from economies of scale, which is the reduction of duplicate operations that thus lowers costs in administration, warehousing, manufacturing, delivery, supply chains and allied functions. Utilizing the foregoing as a guide, research into these aspects will provide definitive in formation to equate whether an acquisition has met these conditions as indicated above. Dixons’ management strategies have functioned in much the same manner as the fabled John F. Welch, Jr., the former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of General Electric during their storied years in that â€Å"Who knows what they’ll buy or sell next?† (Higgins, 2000, p. 10). This illustration has been utilized because between 1987 and 1988 General Electric’s â€Å"†¦ return on shareholders equity increased from 17.6 percent in 1986 to 18.5 percent in 1987 and to 19.4 percent in 1888 †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Higgins, 2000, p. 9). Furthermore â€Å"†¦ the company’s balance sheet and cash flow remained strong during this period †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Higgins, 2000, p. 9). Despite the foregoing the company’s share price did not reflect this performance as a result of the â€Å"†¦ perception of outsiders †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Higgins, 2000, p. 9). The foresight of Welsh and General Electric was acknowledged nearly a decade later when Noel Tichy, a corporate analyst said â€Å"The two greatest corporate leaders of this century are Alfred Sloan of General Motors and Jack Welsh of GE† (Higgins, 2000, p. 10). The preceding represents the spirit of the examination of Dixons, in that their acquisition minded strategy is seemingly challenged in the same manner. Chapter 2 – Literature Review In researching the subject as to whether there is any reason to believe that the cross border acquisition, as represented by Dixons of Elkjà ¸p, should or does represent a difference between domestic acquisitions which by and large have proven not to lead to an increase in shareholder wealth, there is evidence to prove such is not necessarily the case. Jarrel and Poulsen (1889, pp. 12-19) support the analysis that domestic acquisitions do not generally lead to shareholder increases in their analysis as reported in â€Å"The Returns to Acquiring Firms in Tender Offers: Evidence from Three Decades.†, as does Loder and Martin (1990, pp. 17-33) in â€Å"Corporate Acquisitions by Listed Firms: The Experience of a Comprehensive Sample†. Doukas and Travlos (1988, pp. 1161-1175) in â€Å"The Effects of Corporate Multinationalism on Shareholders’ Wealth†, Markides and Ittner’s (1994, pp. 343-366) Shareholder Benefits from Corporate International Diversifica tion:† as well as Yeung and Morck (1992, pp. 41-56) in â€Å"Internationalization: An Event Study Test† point to evidence that companies in comparison achieved better result from international acquisitions. The preceding authors explain the improved results concerning gains as being a factor of market synergies. A review of the Annual Reports of Dixons and Elkjà ¸p for the periods between 1999 through 2005-2006 represented a key source of direct information concerning the earnings of the firms which in term could be correlated against the stock prices for said periods. As stated by Higgins (2000, p. 9) in his book â€Å"Best Practices in Global Investor Relations: The Creation of Shareholder Value†, the activity registered by stock prices might not accurately reflect the performance of the company, however, the preceding analogy referred to the inception of diversified merger and acquisition strategy in the 1980’s by Jack Welsh of General Electric, whose principle are understood now. Chapter 3 – Sources of Data In equating whether Dixons management strategy in the acquisition of Elkjà ¸p has added to shareholder value, the analysis of a number of sources shall be utilized to bring forth data to enable a determination to be reached. Past history as represented in the Annual Reports for both companies represents the most relevant data concerning revenues, profit and related data. Internet sources present the opportunity to examine stock prices from a present day and historical basis to correlate against the revenue result achieved in various years to reach a determination of the preceding in generating shareholder wealth. The utilization of books and journal articles represent sources that will aid in reviewing theory as well as foundational and theoretical information on shareholder wealth as well as the duties and responsibilities of the Board of Directors and upper management in this regard. Internet sources represent the means to seek information not only on theoretical aspects as mentioned previously, but information on company activities as reported in various newspapers and press releases. The combinations of these sources will permit a balanced view as to equating the examination of the question, thus all shall be utilized. Chapter 4 – Research Design, and Statistical Analysis The design of the research is to present the factual accounting and stock share price data as the conclusive means via which to reach a determination as to if the acquisition of Elkjà ¸p by Dixons has or has not resulted in gains to shareholder wealth. This approach has been taken as a result of studies and information as provided by Doukas and Travlos (1988, pp. 1161-1175) and Markides and Ittner (1994, pp. 343-366) on international acquisitions, as well as the internet source of BREFI (2006) that outlined the roll of the Board of Directors, along with Broxterman and Murad’s (1999, p. 3) insights into ‘return on capital invested, or EVA (Economic Value Added). The summary of financial activity with respect to Dixon’s acquisition of Elkjà ¸p is contained in the following Table: Table 1 – Dixons Acquisition of Elkjà ¸p Financial Summary 1998 through 2006 (in  £millions) (Dixons Annual Reports, 1999 through 2005/06) The foregoing statistical figures have been compiled in keeping with the stated aims and objectives of this examination as well as to present the actual results of operations. This Table effectively indicates that Dixons share prices have increased since its acquisition of Elkjà ¸p, as have revenues. Chapter 5 Conclusion Dixons acquisition of Elkjob represents one of a string of acquisitions performed by the company since 1999. Elkjà ¸p’s revenues during the period 2004/05 were  £1,003m (Dixons, 2004/05) with 2005/06 sales registering in excess of 1,500m (contentmanager.net, 2006). Considering that Dixsons paid  £444 for Elkjà ¸p in 1999, the earnings clearly indicate that Dixons has received more than its money’s worth in return. The stock price and revenues figures clearly prove that in this instance Elkjà ¸p’s as well as Dixons shareholders have benefited from this acquisition, as well as the other acquisitions and company actions since 1999. Given that Economic Value Added, as stated by Broxterman and Murad (1999, p. 3) is the key determinant of shareholder vale, Dixons has demonstrated that their concern for shareholder value has been met. The dramatic gains made by the company are a result of its overall approach to management of the firm’s resources, as well as continued expansion and growth. These principles have boded well for Elkjà ¸p’s shareholders, as well as Dixons. Bibliography Barboza, D., Barbaro, M. (2006) Wal-Mart said to be acquiring chain in China. 16 October 2006. The New York Times Bierman, H. (2006) Increasing Shareholder Value. Springer Publications BREFI group (2006) The Board of Directors – roles and responsibilities. Retrieved ion 22 November 2006 from http://www.brefigroup.co.uk/resources/board_roles.html Broxterman, W., Murad, D. (1999) Enhancing Shareholder Value. 23 September 1999. FEICA 1999 Conference, Lucerne, Switzerland Business.com (2006) Elkjà ¸p Asa. Retrieved on 22 November 2006 from http://www.business.com/directory/retail_and_consumer_services/consumer_electronics/Elkjà ¸p_asa/profile/ CNN Money (1999) Freeserve IPO: Get on line. Retrieved 25 November 2006 from http://money.cnn.com/1999/07/23/europe/freeserve/ CNN Money (2000) Wanadoo buys Freeserve. Retrieved on 25 November 2006 from http://money.cnn.com/2000/12/06/europe/wanadoo_freeserve/index.htm Contentmanager.net (2006) Intershop Successful in Scandinavia. Retrieved on 25 November 2006 from http://www.contentmanager.net/magazine/news_h13704_intershop_successful_in_scandinavia.html Dixons Group plc (2000/01) Annual Report Accounts. Retrieved on 22 November 2006 from http://www.dsgiplc.com/Uploads/{2d89b6c1-29a2-4221-a5de-d6aff784de21}/annual report 2000_2001.pdf Dixon (2003) Annual Report. Retrieved on 23 November 2006 from http://images.dixons.com/corporate_new/images/annual_reports/Annual03_04/Elkjà ¸p.htm Dixons (2004/05) Annual Report. Retrieved on 25 November 2006 from http://www.dsgiplc.com/Uploads/{2fbeed95-0410-4b7c-b306-d433c8d5424b}/Annual report 2004 05.pdf Doukas, J., Travlos, N. (1988) The Effects of Corporate Multinationlism on Shareholders’ Wealth: Evidence from International Acquisitions. Vol. 43. Journal of Finance DSG International plc (2006) Annual Report and Accounts 2005/06. Retrieved on 22 November 2006 from http://www.dsgiplc.com/Uploads/{b1ce5112-673c-45f2-a4cd-989bab7feda2}/fv ar0506.pdf DGS international plc (2006) Our Brands. Retrieved on 22 November 2006 from http://www.dsgiplc.com/Layout.aspx?CatID=9c8bcdca-948a-44e5-b7a7-60bd761d7017ID=7df99862-91cb-490d-ad89-38ac1764e880 DSG international plc (2006a) Our History. Retrieved on 22 November 2006 from http://www.dsgiplc.com/layout.aspx?ID=6568d063-24f8-4c3d-a7b7-6aa675e64775CatID=86e81cbe-a91d-4490-8726-5d37e765e6c2 Ernest Young (2006) Ernst Young Launches Company Director’s Handbook. 24 March 2004. Retrieved on 22 November 2006 from http://www.ey.com/global/content.nsf/South_Africa/Governance__Sustainability_-_Company_Directors Google (2006) DSG International plc. Retrieved on 25 November 2006 from http://google.com/finance?cid=3785532 Groves, J. (2006) Maximizing Shareholder Value. Retrieved on 24 November 2006 from http://www.captive.com/service/marsh/shareholder_value.html Higgins, R. (2000) Best Practices in Global Investor Relations: The Creation of Shareholder Value. Quorum Books Jarrell, G., Poulsen, A. (1989) The Returns to Acquiring Firms in Tender Offers: Evidence from Three Decades. Vol. 18. Financial Management Loderer, C., Martin, K. (1990) Corporate Acquisitions by Listed Firms: The Experience of a Comprehensive Sample. Vol. 19. Financial Management Markides, C., Ittner, C. (1994) Shareholder Benefits from Corporate International Diversification:: Evidence from U.S. International Acquisitions. Vol. 25, Issue 2. Journal of International Business Studies Rappaport, A. (1997) Creating Shareholder Value: A Guide for Managers and Investors. Free Press UK Business Park (1999) Dixons. Retrieved on 23 November 2006 from http://www.ukbusinesspark.co.uk/dixonsaa.htm VNU Network (2006) EB Beats Dixons to make bid for Game. Retrieved on 25 November 2006 from http://www.vnunet.com/articles/print/2005144 Yeung, B., Morck, R. (1992) Internationalization: An Event Study Test. August 1992. Journal of International Economics

How Aum Shinrikyo could have been defeated Essay -- Terrorism, Kasumig

Aum Shinrikyo On an ordinary Monday morning in 1995, millions of Tokyo residents on the way to work or school boarded trains on the second busiest subway system in the world. Only five people on the trains that morning knew that the events of March 20th would change the lives of nearly everyone commuting that day. Between 8:00 and 8:10 that morning, a simultaneous attack on five deferent cars, all set to converge on the Kasumigaseki station, a key location where several government ministries are located, killed 12 people, and injured another 5,000. The attacks were carried out by members of a religious doomsday cult known as Aum Shinrikyo (Aum), and consisted of vials of the nerve agent sarin thinly wrapped in newspaper. The five men who carried the packages, eleven in all, placed them on the train’s floors and in overhead compartments, punctured the vials with specially sharpened umbrella tips, and exited at the next stop. The sarin liquid leaked and quickly vaporized, making anyone who was near subject to darkened vision, ocular pain, nausea, miosis, hyperaemia, and nosebleeds (Seto, 2001). On that spring day in Tokyo, Aum succeeded in becoming the first non-state sponsored terrorist group to carry out a large scale indiscriminate chemical attack on a civilian population. The events of March 20th were not unprecedented, however. Aum engaged in various forms of biological and chemical attacks for five years before they attacked the innocent citizens riding the subway in Tokyo, however the signs were ignored and the group was able to continue developing deadly weapons and experimenting with effective delivery methods with remarkably little government and law enforcement suspicion until shortly before the 1995 attack. ... ...een of particular note since Japan’s military is limited to a small Self Defense Force, and any legitimate need for weapons coming into the country was well documented. MSO operations concentrated on customs enforcement and shipping in and out of the ports of Vladivostok, Russia, and the major shipping ports in Northwest Japan. As it concerns weapons and military equipment import, MSO is not the only effort that could have been useful. Law Enforcement agencies in the United States, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, were well versed on the threat of domestic terrorism. Liaison between American and Japanese law enforcement agencies could have provided crucial insight to local authorities in how to recognize illegal weapons imports and the significance of such an operation.

Truth, Knowledge, and Opinion Essay -- social issues

Truth, Knowledge, and Opinion WHAT IS TRUTH, KNOWLEDGE, OPINION AND WHY IS EXTREME SKEPTICISM? What is Truth, Knowledge, Opinion and why Extreme Skepticism is Self Contradictory? Truth is simply the mind corresponding with reality, knowledge is having the truth and knowing that you have it and understanding why it is true, Opinion is having an hypothesis but not being entirely sure that your idea is true and extreme skepticism is self contradictory because skeptics say that there is truth  ¡Ã‚ §that there is no truth ¡Ã‚ ¨. By doing this they are making a true statement. In this essay we shall discuss a more deeper and in-depth meaning truth, knowledge, opinion and why extreme skepticism is self-contradictory. What is truth? Truth is basically the mind corresponding with reality. This of course is the easy problem of truth; the hard problem is the mind trying to know reality. So we see  ¡Ã‚ §truth is connected to knowledge ¡Ã‚ ¨. True ideas are those that we can corroborate and verify. Truth works in way of our thinking. So you see to achieve complete truth there must be correspondence between our mind and reality and to know exactly what reality really is. For example If we say  ¡Ã‚ § the Auckland blues are going to win the super 12 ¡Ã‚ ¨ and later on they actually win, therefore your mind did indeed correspond with reality. Through this example we see that knowing what is reality is almost impossible, if a man is completely sure that he has grasped reality he is GOD. What is knowle...

Clear Channel: Music Entertainment :: Radio Stations Songs Papers

Clear Channel: Music Entertainment After scanning over the frequencies offered on the FM dial, radio listeners today quickly become bored, annoyed, and frustrated at what they hear.As they flip from station to station, listeners usually hear the same songs, often songs they do not especially like, repeated on multiple stations despite a change in frequency.Few of these songs are not that month's best-selling singles, unless they are listening to older music, which often only reflects the several dozen most popular tunes of previous generations.Amidst the repetitious music, listeners must also hear advertisements on many of the stations they turn to, waiting through several minutes of annoying sales plugs at each station before hearing more low-quality music. Perhaps these irritations are the reasons that fewer people have been tuning in to radio in the last several years.Over the last decade, the amount of radio listening in the U.S. has declined by 13%.Between 1998 and 2001, the amount of listening among teenagers dropped by 10% (Kot, "What's Wrong" sc.2).Excessive commercials was the reason one-third of listeners between the ages 12-24 gave for listening to radio less, amidst other complaints about the lack of variety in the songs and programs they were hearing (Boehlert, "Radio's Big" 5).Many music fans and critics from within the music industry blame the decrease in radio's popularity on the large corporate conglomerates that now own and control much of the music entertainment industry.Driven by the desire for profits, Clear Channel, the largest of these conglomerates, deserves most of the blame for mass-producing low quality, inaccessible radio and concerts across the U.S. After the Telecommunications Act of 1996 deregulated the radio industry, radio-owning corporations began rapidly consolidating.The National Association of Broadcasters lobbied Congress to pass this bill (Boehlert, "One Big Happy" 4), which would effectively eliminate all governmental restrictions on how many national radio stations one company could own and would loosen the limits on how many local radio stations companies could own.When the act was passed, the Federal Communications Commission allowed large radio companies to own up to eight local stations in any market, a large increase from the previous limit of two stations (Compaine 297). This government deregulation revolutionized radio by allowing larger radio companies to begin a spree of radio station buyouts.The more powerful companies that emerged further consolidated over the next few years through mergers that created radio giants with "vast empires" of media control. Clear Channel: Music Entertainment :: Radio Stations Songs Papers Clear Channel: Music Entertainment After scanning over the frequencies offered on the FM dial, radio listeners today quickly become bored, annoyed, and frustrated at what they hear.As they flip from station to station, listeners usually hear the same songs, often songs they do not especially like, repeated on multiple stations despite a change in frequency.Few of these songs are not that month's best-selling singles, unless they are listening to older music, which often only reflects the several dozen most popular tunes of previous generations.Amidst the repetitious music, listeners must also hear advertisements on many of the stations they turn to, waiting through several minutes of annoying sales plugs at each station before hearing more low-quality music. Perhaps these irritations are the reasons that fewer people have been tuning in to radio in the last several years.Over the last decade, the amount of radio listening in the U.S. has declined by 13%.Between 1998 and 2001, the amount of listening among teenagers dropped by 10% (Kot, "What's Wrong" sc.2).Excessive commercials was the reason one-third of listeners between the ages 12-24 gave for listening to radio less, amidst other complaints about the lack of variety in the songs and programs they were hearing (Boehlert, "Radio's Big" 5).Many music fans and critics from within the music industry blame the decrease in radio's popularity on the large corporate conglomerates that now own and control much of the music entertainment industry.Driven by the desire for profits, Clear Channel, the largest of these conglomerates, deserves most of the blame for mass-producing low quality, inaccessible radio and concerts across the U.S. After the Telecommunications Act of 1996 deregulated the radio industry, radio-owning corporations began rapidly consolidating.The National Association of Broadcasters lobbied Congress to pass this bill (Boehlert, "One Big Happy" 4), which would effectively eliminate all governmental restrictions on how many national radio stations one company could own and would loosen the limits on how many local radio stations companies could own.When the act was passed, the Federal Communications Commission allowed large radio companies to own up to eight local stations in any market, a large increase from the previous limit of two stations (Compaine 297). This government deregulation revolutionized radio by allowing larger radio companies to begin a spree of radio station buyouts.The more powerful companies that emerged further consolidated over the next few years through mergers that created radio giants with "vast empires" of media control.

Religion, Wealth and Poverty Essay

Outline the work of one religious agency working for world development and explain why it does this work. The religious agency, Christian Aid was set up in 1944, originally known as the British Churches Ecumenical Refugee Council. It was primarily created to help the thousands of homeless Europeans as a result of the Second World War. It became known as Christian Aid in 1945 and was filed as only a segregated department of all of the non-Roman Catholic churches the British Council of Churches and provided great help to the poorer people surviving in lesser economically developed areas. Christian Aid is now a worldwide organisation and has become an agency for the churches of the United Kingdom and in Ireland, working wherever their need is superlative, irrespective of the religion of this area. As well as doing this work, Christian Aid supports local organisations who are better at understanding the needs in their specified areas, whilst continually helping those in need with the sixteen offices they retain overseas. Christian Aid believes in helping people gain strength in finding their own solution to a particular problem rather than simply helping and leaving, Christian Aid provides withstanding support. In addition to this work, Christian Aid strives to transform a New World by ending poverty and continuously campaigns for the change of the morals and rules that allow the poor to get poorer. Christian Aid works and provides help in over sixty countries in the world today, supplying emergency aid and long term aid to organisations, which are working to create the end of poverty. Christian Aid prefers to work through local organisations in areas of lesser-developed economies, as they believe that these organisations understand the needs of their people best. A great plus of the agency of Christian Aid is that it works in all areas despite the religion or race of the place they are working in. In order to achieve the high aims set by Christian Aid, their work can be divided into four sections and they are as follows. Fund raising is a major issue and to be able to start any work in relieving the issue of poverty, Christian Aid has to tackle the problem of funds, which can be raised in several ways. In 1975, it was organised so that every year in May, Christian Aid week could be held as a nationwide even. This is where churches provide information about Christian Aid to almost every home in certain areas by posting letters through their letterboxes and asking for donations. In 1995, a record à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8.6 million was raised for Christian Aid via this process. In addition to this, certain parishes and individuals organise events to raise money for the agency and in the past have contributed more by this process than in Christian Aid week. Emergency aid is also taken into consideration as Christian Aid set up a fund known as the â€Å"disaster fund† so it could be immediately used if a natural disaster were to occur and has often overtaken long term aid due to its efficiency in helping people survive the effects of a natural disaster. The work done by Christian Aid involves providing and sending food, medicine and materials to build shelters for the victims of such natural disasters as hurricanes, floods and earthquakes. An example of this aid was when blankets, tents and food were sent to refugees in Bosnia and Rwanda and when food was provided for drought-stricken Zimbabwe. This specified version of aid is so important that nearly 15% of Christian Aid’s funds are spent on it per annum. Long term aid is equally important and fortunately, Christian Aid is greatly advantaged in this area as it has contact with the organisations who receive the aid and the majority of Christian Aid’s emergency and long-term aid is diverted through Christian associations within the country concerned. If is often for these establishments to come up with fund-raising ideas to help relieve certain aspects of poverty in their area and then ask Christian Aid to finance these propositions. An example of this is when in Columbia, poor farmers were being threatened to be evicted from their homes. Fortunately, the farmers were able to establish an alternative environmentally friendly method which allowed them to develop their area that would provide an income for these farmers and their families. Christian Aid and the European Union are negotiating the finance of this scheme. Another example of Christian Aid helping lesser developed countries is in Bangladesh, where Christian Aid are funding a group of Christian workers to make basic drugs for medicine which are unavailable in Bangladesh. Consequently, as Christian Aid helps in all of these diverse and different areas, their main aim is to help people to help themselves. Education is a key factor to the success of Christian Aid. Nearly 5% of Christian Aid’s funds is consumed on education about the greater need of development and the way in which Christians are enabled to provide this help to those in need. The association of Christian Aid produces a newspaper, Christian Aid News, along with many other educational articles which not only provide information on the projects that Christian Aid is working on but how they are improving the rate of development in lesser economically developed areas. Christian Aid advocates campaigns for the improvement of living and health conditions in lesser-developed areas. Christian Aids motivation is built upon the Christian belief that all people are equal in the eyes of God and so therefore all deserve the same things. This organisation is driven by the beliefs that God cares about the poor and their lifestyle, wanting them to be treated accordingly. It is also believed that the worth and importance of a person is not measured on how much money they have or the material belongings that they may possess. It is written in the Bible that what counts is a persons desire to do good, their faith in God and actions towards other people. Due to these Christian beliefs, Christian Aid does everything within its power to help those who are less fortunate in both this country and abroad. The quotation, â€Å"There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all once in Christ† taken from Galatians 3:25 is the basis of the Christian Aid’s work. It is believed that everyone has rights and so deserves to be treated the same, despite their circumstances, creed, nationality, religion or colour. In conclusion to the work of Christian Aid and its motivation, it is clear that their main aim is not only to assist the poor, but help them learn to help themselves and by doing this, Christian Aid are increasing the development of the developing world. The motivation of this agency is obvious due to the fact that they are Christian and it is God’s belief that you should use everything within your power to help those in need of your help. Christian Aid believes that â€Å"From one man he made every nation of men, that they should inhabit the whole Earth,† Acts 17: 26, so that everyone is equal in the eyes of God as they were all created from the same mould, therefore everyone should be treated respectfully. Thanks to these beliefs, Christian Aid’s work is helping to eradicate the growth of poverty and sustain a development in the lesser-developed areas.

Effects of Implementation of a School Uniform Policy

Donohue ( 1996 ) provinces in response to turning degrees of force in schools, instructors, parents, and school functionaries have come to see school uniforms as one positive and originative manner to cut down subject jobs and increase safety. They believe that the acceptance of school unvarying policies can advance school safety, better subject and heighten the acquisition environment. In the Washington ( District of Columbia ) schools, a survey of the impact of uniform/dress codifications and patterns on school clime, educational attainment, and pupil affective and cognitive spheres was conducted. The consequences of the informations indicate the followers: ( 1 ) grounds cited for involvement in a unvarying policy were based on the demand to learn pupils that fabrics do non do a individual, fiscal nest eggs for household, and parent concern that kids might take part in an illicit act to buy interior decorator vesture ; ( 2 ) simple schools were more likely than secondary schools to be be aftering to implement a unvarying policy ; ( 3 ) parents were normally involved in developing a uniform policy in simple schools ; ( 4 ) there was no important alteration in the overall attending or educational attainment after implementing a policy ; and ( 5 ) parents an school staff believe that have oning uniforms has had a positive impact on school clime ( Stevenson 1991 ) . Purpose of the Survey: The intent of this proposal is to find if school uniforms, if implemented, will bring forth a perceptual experience of a safer and more disciplined acquisition environment for pupils, parents, and instructors at Southport Middle School in St. Lucie County. Research Questions: The research inquiries which will try to analyze: How will school uniforms cut down violent happenings in in-between schools- Who will profit the most from a school uniform policy, -What consequence will school uniforms have towards designer vesture and peer pressure- Are at that place any benefits or fiscal nest eggs if school uniforms are implemented -What affect will school unvarying policies have on safety and subject in in-between school. Hypothesis: The above information indicates that school unvarying constabularies appear to hold value. A research survey refering the effects of these policies on perceptual experience of safety and subject is of import and should be pursued. The proposed survey, hence, will be based on the undermentioned hypothesis: Percepts of safety and subject among pupils, parents and instructors in in-between schools are affected by the execution of school unvarying policies. The void hypothesis is stated as follows: School Uniform Policies have no affect on instructor ‘s, parent ‘s and pupil ‘s perceptual experiences of safety at South port in-between school. Rationale and Significance of the Survey: There have been a figure of surveies on the execution of a school uniform policy, and all of those published have been successful in run intoing some end or intent. This survey serves as another stepping-stone that will offer insight so that research worker can prove the sentiments about a policy that may really be implemented and is of great involvement to the concern of the in-between school population. on perceptual experiences of safety and subject on a sample population limited to middle school pupils, parents and instructors in St. Lucie County, Florida. A disciplined and safe acquisition environment should b a precedence demand for a good school, as pupils who are safe and secure are better pupils ( Donohue 1996 ) . In response to turning degrees of force in schools, instructors, parents, and school functionaries have come to see school uniforms as one positive and originative manner to cut down subject jobs and increase safety. They believe that the acceptance of school unvarying policies can advance school safety, better subject and heighten the acquisition environment. Nature of the Survey: In order to supply grounds of a causal nexus between variables, this survey attempts to set up a statistical relationship between the undermentioned variables. The design of the survey is descriptive, with a cross sectional design. The research is expected to associate the dependant variable, perceptual experience of safety and subject among pupils, parents and instructors at in-between schools with the independent variable, execution of school uniforms. This design appears to be appropriate so that the research worker can prove the sentiments about a policy that may really be implemented and is of great involvement to the concern of the in-between school population. Premises and Restrictions: It is expected that the survey will hold high internal cogency as it tests sentiments about a policy that may really be implemented and is of great involvement to the study participants. There is, nevertheless, a menace of prejudice since pupils, parents and instructors are cognizant of others involved in the research and may alter their replies consequently. The research besides may hold high external cogency if the pupils are considered to be representative of all in-between school pupils in St. Lucie County.LITERATURE REVIEWThe intent of this proposal is to analyze if implementing school uniforms will bring forth a safer and more disciplined acquisition environment for pupils, parents, and instructors at Southport Middle School in St. Lucie County. Theoretical Model: The information introduced in the literary reappraisal provides the footing for a nexus between school unvarying policies and the perceptual experience of safety and subject in the school environment. This information was collected from decision makers and journalists who performed their ain experiments or observed others who had seen the alterations first-hand. In add-on, primary information has been collected from study distributed to all pupils, parents and instructors at South Port Middle School. Therefore, this survey will use a descriptive, cross-sectional design. The findings in the literary reappraisal, thenceforth, will be compared with replies to questionnaire on the execution of school uniforms in the in-between school environment. A convenience sampling of topics who fundamentally â€Å" select themselves † by returning the questionnaire will later supply the primary informations to be analyzed. Introduction to the Literature Review: There is a considerable sum of literature refering school unvarying policies and their consequence upon pupil behaviour. Violence has late, been labeled by many wellness professionals as a possible menace to the overall wellness and academic success of kids ( Stephen 1996 ) . Steming force, hence, has become a precedence concern of school decision makers, particularly in the in-between school environment. Approximately one in four pupil ‘s concerns about going a victim of offense or menaces at school, and one in eight pupils study holding been victimized on a school campus ( Chandler 1996 ) . As a consequence of such studies, schools have implemented force bar plans, but these plans have shown small success ( McAllister 1995 ) . As the force bar plans continue, nevertheless, decision makers, instructors, parents, and pupils have noted a possible connexion between the types of vesture pupils wear in school and school force. Students have oning gang-related or gang-like vesture tend to rule the manner tendency at schools, particularly those in urban countries. When pupils are have oning gang-related vesture, the existent pack members frequently take the chance to come in unnoticed into schools. A pupil, hence, based on the colour or type of vesture he wears, can go the mark of knowing or unwilled force ( Gursky 1996 ) . In add-on, the manner of vesture presently popular with in-between school pupil ‘s loose-fitting bloomerss and outsize shirts can go a agencies of transporting arms or drugs into school and therefore indirectly increases the opportunity of school force. As pupils engage in the avidity to be stylish many besides set up a connexion between vesture manner and school force. Students may envy other pupil ‘s vesture but lack fiscal resources to buy similar manners. Consequently, pupils who do own these valuable points have been violently injured or even murdered for their interior decorator apparels or gym shoes. In Detroit, a 15 year-old was shot for his eighty-dollar hoops places. In Oxon Hill, Maryland, a 17 year-old male award pupil was killed at a coach halt, caught in a cross fire during the robbery of another pupil ‘s interior decorator jacket ( Woods 1996 ) . Consequently, school uniforms may cut down these violent happenings, necessitating kids to have on the same vesture could direct a message that all participants are on the same squad. Uniform Benefits: Historically, uniforms have been worn for a assortment of circumstance. Nurses wear their healthful shred work garb ; athletic squads put on their athletics apparels, complete with squad logo ; and military forces dress out in fatigues or frock unvarying to suit the juncture. Uniforms may be associated with positive or negative functions. Harmonizing to Majestic ( 1995 ) , uniforms can function several maps. First, uniforms define group boundaries, promote group ends, and cut down function struggle. Football squad member, for illustration, do non vie against each other, but they work hand in glove to accomplish the end of winning the game. Second, uniforms can uncover function theoretical accounts. These vesture symbols tell perceivers that the wearer can be categorized as a pupil, security guard, or Boy Scout. Third, uniforms legitimize functions in given state of affairss by clear uping rank and function. For case, individuals dressed in fire combat uniforms would be expected to be firemen who would snuff out firs. Finally, uniforms act as a symbol of group rank. Group members, even if they do non cognize each other personally, can place with each other by have oning a similar uniform. In the yesteryear, school uniforms have been used to exemplify that vesture does non do a individual. This is particularly true in the parochial school scene. However, oppositions of school uniforms have challenged frock ordinance by claiming a misdemeanor of the liberty involvement to command one ‘s visual aspect which is set Forth under the Fourteenth Amendment ( Stephen 1996 ) . In 1969, the Supreme Court affirmed, in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, that official are â€Å" stat † histrions whose subject of pupils is constrained by the federal fundamental law ( Majestic 1995 ) , that the instance established, the right of pupils â€Å" to freedom of look in school unless the exercising of that right would materially and well interfere with the demands of appropriate subject or collide with the rights of others in the school † ( Majestic 1995 ) . Another dictum was established in the â€Å" Kelly Decision † . This determination establishes a method for analysing personal visual aspect instances. Harmonizing to Potner, ( 1996 ) , who believed that â€Å" a individual has a basic autonomy involvement in their personal visual aspect that can non be infringed with some screening of a rational footing related to a legitimate authorities involvement † ( Majestic 1991 ) . It appears that concluding for this instance is based on the theory that pupils are capable legion limitations o their personal freedoms as an built-in portion of the educational procedure. Affects on Safety and Discipline: The clang between pupils ‘ single rights to free look and the duty of public school governments to supply a safe and supportive acquisition environment helps to fuel the argument over dress-code policy. In 1988, in the Hazelwood School District v. Kuhllmeier instance, the Supreme Court found that public schools by and large are non unfastened public forums in the same sense as streets or Parkss and that school functionaries may therefore enforce sensible limitations on free address ( Potner 1996 ) . This opinion was consistent with earlier Supreme Court pronouncements that the â€Å" school ‘s alone function in advancing regard for authorization and traditional values and in fixing persons for engagement as citizens justifies greater latitude in modulating address on school belongings † ( Futrerell 1996 ) . A opinion on compulsory unvarying policy in public schools came from Maricopa County Arizona. In a 1995 instance and Arizona province justice upheld that a rigorous mandatory-uniform policy regulated free look whether the school ‘s ground for the unvarying policy was sensible. Local school territories and single schools normally adopt a unvarying policy. Harmonizing to the Manual on School Uniforms sent to schools by the United States Secretary of Education. Riley ( 1996 ) , finding whether to follow a school unvarying policy involves the followers: First, acquire parents involved from the beginning. Parental support of a unvarying policy is critical for success. The strongest push for school uniforms in recent old ages has come from parent groups who want better subject. Second, protect pupils ‘ spiritual look. A school unvarying policy must suit pupils whose spiritual beliefs are well burdened by a unvarying demand. Third, protect pupils ‘ other rights of look. A unvarying policy may non forbid pupils from warring or exposing expressive points every bit long as such points do non independently contribute to break by well interfering with subject or with the rights of others. Forth, find whether to hold a voluntary or compulsory school uniform policy. Some schools have adopted voluntary school unvarying policies that permit pupils freely to take whether and under what fortunes they will have on school uniforms. Fifth, do non necessitate pupils to have on a message. Schools should non enforce a signifier of look on pupils by necessitating them to have on uniforms bearing a substantial message, such as a political message. Sixth, assist households that need fiscal aid. School territories with unvarying policies should do commissariats for pupils whose households are unable to afford uniforms. Finally, treat school uniforms as portion of an overall safety plan. Uniform policy and its benefits: School territories across the state are sing school unvarying policies because they appear to supply ready solutions to some of the facets of school safety, pack force, arms in school, and assaults associated with larceny of expensive vesture. Gang attire causes packs to be openly hostile to each other and creates and ambiance of bullying or break, and inadvertent erosion of the incorrect colour can set a pupil ‘s life at hazard ( Reasonably, 1994 ) . Besides, in recent old ages, some young person manners have encourage have oning â€Å" baggy † apparels where arms can be and hold been hidden in outsize bloomerss or overalls. These sorts of discourtesies harmonizing to Jolly would be favourably affected by promoting or necessitating uniformity in pupil school wear. School Reduction of Violence: Nolin ( 1996 ) suggests seven benefits historically cited by advocates of school uniforms ; viz. , the belief that ( a ) subject and ( B ) regard for the instructor are increased, ( degree Celsius ) group spirit is promoted ; ( vitamin D ) academic criterions are maintained through uniformity ; ( vitamin E ) strain on parental begets is eased and ( degree Fahrenheit ) there is a lessening in the race for societal position, accompanied by an ability to de-emphasise socioeconomic difference by restricting â€Å" manner statements † , and ( g ) interlopers on the school campus can be more easy identified. School uniforms can besides cut down the accent on manner wars and reenforce the acceptableness of less dearly-won school vesture. Uniforms can ease the strain on parental budgets, a peculiar advantage in low-income households. Uniforms can besides cut down the usage of vesture as index of position and wealth ( Futrell 1994 ) . In add-on to encouraging pupils to concentrate on larning instead than on what to have on, uniforms can advance peer credence, every bit good as school spirit and school pride. By have oning uniforms, pupils can take ownership in school rank, bridge the differences among widely economic degrees of pupils, and go more incorporate through the decrease in cultural and cultural tensenesss ( Cohn 1996 ) . Further, uniforms can back up the connexion between school, professional scene, acquisition, and future success. Some experts suggest that pupils who come to school â€Å" dressed for success † and ready to larn a higher chance of accomplishing their ends ( Riley 1996 ) . In the study of the United Teachers of Dade County, Florida, about 60 per centum of the group ‘s members supported compulsory uniforms for school kids ( Gursky 1996 ) . Similarly, of the five thousand five 100 principals surveyed as attendants of the National Association of Secondary School Principals ‘ Annual Conference in February 1996, more than 70 per centum believed that necessitating pupils to have on uniforms to school would cut down violent incidents and subject jobs ( Portner 1996 ) . Furthermore, greater than 80 per centum of Long Beach Press-Telegram readers supported school uniforms ( Chandler 1996 ) . Long Beach, California, United School District, consisting 56 simple schools and about 60 1000 pupils, was the first big urban school territory in the United States to necessitate school uniforms for all pupils, kindergarten through class eight. Since 1994, when compulsory unvarying policies were adopted in this school territory, functionaries have found that force and subject jobs dramatically decreased ( Potner 1996 ) . In the first twelvemonth following execution, overall school offense decreased by 36 per centum ; sex discourtesies, by 74 per centum ; physical battles between pupils, by 51 per centum ; school suspensions, by 32 per centum ; and hooliganism, by 18 per centum ( Cohn 1996 ) . Uniform Safety and Discipline: In the Washington ( District of Columbia ) schools, a survey of the impact of uniform/dress codifications and patterns on school clime, educational attainment, and pupil affective and cognitive spheres was conducted. The consequences of the informations indicate the followers: ( 1 ) grounds cited for involvement in a unvarying policy were based on the demand to learn pupils that fabrics do non do a individual, fiscal nest eggs for household, and parent concern that kids might take part in an illicit act to buy interior decorator vesture ; ( 2 ) simple schools were more likely than secondary schools to be be aftering to implement a unvarying policy ; ( 3 ) parents were normally involved in developing a uniform policy in simple schools ; ( 4 ) there was no important alteration in the overall attending or educational attainment after implementing a policy ; and ( 5 ) parents an school staff believe that have oning uniforms has had a positive impact on school clime ( Stevenson 1991 ) . Another survey conducted by Woods ( 1992 ) in a Chicago public school surveyed the attitudes of parents toward a unvarying pupil frock codification. Seventy- Seven per centum of parents agreed that kids are pressured by their equals over vesture and about 80 % believed that uniforms eliminated so competition. Sixty per centum disagreed that have oning uniforms promoted positive interactions among pupils. No parents thought that unvarying frock provided any protection against packs and designation with pack vesture, but most felt that uniforms were more economical than the purchase of school apparels. Ninety-three per centum felt that have oning uniforms helps kids recognize that apparels do non do the individual. Finally, the few public schools that have implemented school uniforms have done so in the belief that there will be a assortment of benefits for pupils and that uniforms by themselves can non work out all the jobs of school subject, but they can be one positive lending factor to train and safety. Based on the study questionnaire, the sample population felt that a school uniform policy would hold a positive impact on module and pupils perceptual experiences of safety and subject. Any policy with such a positive impact on the module and pupils is good to the school. Decisions: The consequences of this survey will assist help parents, instructors and school leaders in finding whether to follow a school uniform policy. The strongest push for school uniforms in recent old ages has come from parent groups who want better subject. School uniforms can cut down the accent on manner wars and reenforce the acceptableness of less dearly-won school vesture. Uniforms can ease the strain on parental Budges, a peculiar advantage I low-income households. Uniforms besides cut down the usage of vesture as indexs of position and wealth. In add-on to encouraging pupils to concentrate on acquisition, instead than on what to have on, uniforms can advance peer credence, every bit good as school spirit and school pride. Finally, narrow and/or bridge the differences among widely economic degrees of pupils, and go unified through the decrease in cultural and cultural tensenesss.Chapter 3. MethodologyIntroduction: The intent of this proposal is to look into if school uniforms, if implemented, would cut down force in a school environment for pupils, parents, and instructors at Southport Middle School in St. Lucie County. Research Questions: The Research inquiries will try to analyze: How will school uniforms cut down violent happenings in in-between schools- Who will profit the most from a school uniform policy, -What consequence will school uniforms have towards designer vesture and peer pressure- Are at that place any benefits or fiscal nest eggs if school uniforms are implemented -What affect will school unvarying policies have on safety and subject in in-between school. Hypothesis: Percepts of safety and subject among pupils, parents and instructors in in-between schools are affected by the execution of school unvarying policies. School Uniform Policies have no affect on instructor ‘s, parent ‘s and pupil ‘s perceptual experiences of safety at South port in-between school. Theoretical Model: There have been a figure of surveies on the execution of a school uniform policy, and all of those published have been successful in run intoing some end or intent. This research examines the perceptual experience toward interior decorator vesture and peer force per unit area, unvarying colourss as a step of safety, unvarying frock as a fiscal nest egg, and the impact of the frock codification on self-expression ( which includes steps of subject ) . This survey will get down the procedure of interpreting of import administrative concerns that investigate perceptual experiences of safety and subject on a sample population limited to middle school pupils, parents and instructors in St. Lucie County, Florida. A disciplined and safe acquisition environment should be a precedence demand for a good school, as pupils who are safe and secure are better pupils ( Donohue 1996 ) . In response to turning degrees of force in schools, instructors, parents, and school functionaries have come to see school uniforms as one positive and originative manner to cut down subject jobs and increase safety. They believe that the acceptance of school unvarying policies can advance school safety, better subject and heighten the acquisition environment. Research Design: The study questionnaire was administered to the sample population to find if the benefits identified in the current literature reappraisal were of import plenty to see implementing a school uniform policy. The consequences of the instructor study indicate that school uniforms had a positive impact on the module and pupils. Parents ‘ responses to the study questionnaire findings show that parents believe that purchasing uniforms provide possible fiscal nest eggs on the buying of school vesture. The consequences of the pupil study indicate that pupils are pressured by their equals over the type of apparels they wear and are sometimes ridiculed about their apparels. All relevant descriptive statistics have been reported. A likert graduated table will be constructed, and the relationship of each inquiry to the entire mark will be examined. An alpha of.05 will be utilized to see a 95 % degree of assurance. All ratio degree informations will be collapsed so that a chi-square trial can be used to demo that a relationship exists. If the ensuing statistics reach the degree of statistical significance the hypothesis will be rejected. Sampling Design: The population chosen for this survey includes all in-between school pupils, their instructors, their parents and instructors in St. Lucie County Florida. Subjects include convenience sampling of 30 instructors ( 17 Blacks and 13 Caucasian ) , 30 parents ( 15 Blacks, 10 Haitians and five Hispanics ) and 30 pupils ( 15 Blacks, 10 Haitians and five Spanish americans ) at Southport Middle School who answered a questionnaire refering school uniforms. The study examines toward interior decorator vesture and peer force per unit area, unvarying colourss as a step of safety, unvarying frock as a fiscal nest egg, and the impact of the frock codification on self-expression ( which includes steps of subject ) . This survey will get down the procedure of interpreting of import administrative concerns. Then informations collected from instructor, parent, and pupil studies, and the entire size of the sample and the response informations returned will be reported. The random choice will justify an just distribution. The cogency of the inquiries will fall within the variables to deduce at a dependable analysis by the replies given. The design of the questionnaire consisted of several statements. Each party was asked to react to the inquiries by circling one of the three letters that â€Å" most about reflects † their attitude o the topic. The questionnaire provided specific statements about school uniforms and their affects on certain behaviour in school. The respondents were asked to supply an reply bespeaking the grade to which they supported the statement ( i.e. hold, differ, or unsure ) . In response to increasing school force several Teachers, Principals, Parents, and Students indicated a belief that uniforms could assist cut down force. Many people besides felt that the acceptance of school unvarying policies would take to an increased school safety, pupil subject, and pupil acquisition. The design of this survey is descriptive, with a cross sectional design. The research is expected to associate the dependant variable, perceptual experiences of safety and subject among pupils, parents and instructors in in-between schools with the independent variable, execution of school uniforms. The survey includes secondary informations from the literary reappraisal along with primary informations gathered from the study analyzing if a relationship exist between the variables It is expected that the survey will hold high internal cogency as it tests sentiments about a policy that may really be implemented and is of great involvement to the study participants. There is, nevertheless, a menace of prejudice since pupils, parents and instructors are cognizant of others involved in the research and may alter their replies consequently. The research besides may hold high external cogency if the pupils are considered to be representative of all in-between school pupils in St. Lucie County. Measures: This quantitative survey is descriptive, with a cross sectional design. The research is expected to associate the dependant variable, perceptual experience of safety and subject among pupils, parents and instructors at in-between schools with the independent variable, execution of school uniforms. This design appears to be appropriate so that the research worker can prove the sentiments about a policy that may really be implemented and is of great involvement to the concern of the in-between school population. In order to supply grounds of a causal nexus between variables, this survey attempts to set up a statistical relationship between the undermentioned variables: The dependant variable is the perceptual experience of safety and subject at schools where uniforms are required and the independent variable execution of a school uniform policy. A likert graduated table was constructed, and the relationship of each inquiry to the mark will be examined. An alpha degree of.05 will be utilized to see a 95 % degree of assurance. Data Collection: The information introduced in the literary reappraisal provides the footing for a nexus between school unvarying policies and the perceptual experience of safety and subject in the school environment. This information was collected from decision makers and journalists who performed their ain experiments or observed others who had seen the alterations first-hand. In add-on, primary information has been collected from study distributed to all pupils, parents and instructors at South Port Middle School. The research worker met with each group, instructors, parents and pupils, at a regular meeting at the school. At that clip, the studies were discussed and all inquiries were answered. The research worker noted that studies will be sent to parents and pupils who are non present at the school during meeting. The questionnaire was so distributed to all attendants ; respondents were given a deadline for completion and asked to return the informations by puting it in a bead box located in the chief office of South Port Middle School. If non adequate study questionnaires received, a 2nd questionnaire will be given to the respondents. The random choice will justify an just distribution. The cogency of the inquiries will fall within the variables to deduce at a dependable analysis by the replies given. The questionnaire provided specific statements about school uniforms and their affects on certain behaviour in school. The respondents were asked to supply an reply bespeaking the grade to which they supported the statement ( i.e. hold, differ, or unsure ) . In response to increasing school force several Teachers, Principals, Parents, and Students indicated a belief that uniforms could assist cut down force. Many people besides felt that the acceptance of school unvarying policies would take to an increased school safety, pupil subject, and pupil acquisition. Datas Analysis: The study questionnaire was administered to the sample population to find if the benefits identified in the current literature reappraisal were of import plenty to see implementing a school uniform policy. The consequences of the instructor study indicate that school uniforms had a positive impact on the module and pupils. Parents ‘ responses to the study questionnaire findings show that parents believe that purchasing uniforms provide possible fiscal nest eggs on the buying of school vesture. The consequences of the pupil study indicate that pupils are pressured by their equals over the type of apparels they wear and are sometimes ridiculed about their apparels. All relevant descriptive statistics have been reported. A likert graduated table was constructed, and the relationship of each inquiry to the entire mark will be examined. An alpha of.05 will be utilized to see a 95 % degree of assurance. All ratio degree informations will be collapsed so that a chi-square trial can be used to demo that a relationship exists. If the ensuing statistics reach the degree of statistical significance the hypothesis will be rejected. Internal Cogency: This research is expected to associate the dependant variable, perceptual experience of safety and subject among pupils, parents and instructors at in-between schools with the independent variable, execution of school uniforms. It is expected that the survey will hold high internal cogency as it tests sentiments about a policy that may really be implemented and is of great involvement to the study participants. There is, nevertheless, a menace of prejudice since pupils, parents and instructors are cognizant of others involved in the research and may alter their reply consequently. External Cogency: The research besides may hold high external cogency if the pupils are considered to be representative of all in-between school pupils. It is anticipated that the information gathered will ensue in the null-hypothesis being rejected. Sampling Design: The population chosen for the survey includes in-between school pupils, their parents and instructors in St. Lucie County. Subjects include a non-probability convenience sampling of pupils, parents, and instructors at South Port Middle School, in Port Saint Lucie, Florida, who answered a questionnaire refering the execution of school uniforms. South port Middle consists of about 50 instructors and 1,216 pupils. Teachers in this school represent a broad assortment of ages and old ages of experience in the instruction field. Parents besides represent a broad assortment of ages that come from different socioeconomic backgrounds. Students are ages twelve through 16 and stand for different racial backgrounds. Peer Review Discussion: The research survey will look into if school uniforms, if implemented, would cut down force in a school environment for pupils, parents, and instructors at Southport Middle School in St. Lucie County. The population chosen for the survey will include all in-between school pupils, their parents and instructors. Subjects include a non-probability convenience sampling of 30 instructors ( 17 Blacks and 13 Caucasian ) , 30 parents ( 15 Blacks, 10 Haitians and five Hispanics ) and 30 pupils ( 15 Blacks, 10 Haitians and five Spanish americans ) at Southport Middle School who answered a questionnaire refering school uniforms. The study examines how will school uniforms cut down violent happenings in in-between schools-who will profit the most from a school unvarying policy-are there any benefits or fiscal nest eggs if school uniforms are implemented-what affect will school unvarying policies have on safety and subject in in-between school. The survey began the procedure of interpreting of import administrative concerns into the undermentioned hypothesis: Percepts of safety and subject among pupils, parents and instructors in in-between schools are affected by the execution of school unvarying policies. The primary informations will be collected from instructor, parent, and pupil studies, and the entire size of the sample and the response informations returned was reported. The consequences of the study include the undermentioned: A great bulk of instructors believe that apparels do non do a individual. The bulk of parents believe that uniforms provide possible fiscal nest eggs on school apparels for the hereafter. Eighty per centum of pupils believe that there is peer force per unit area based on the type of apparels kids wear. The design of the survey will be a descriptive survey, with a cross sectional designed. An alpha degree.05 was used to guarantee a 95 % degree of assurance. The ordinal degree informations was collapsed so that a chi-square trial can be used to find whether a relationship exists. The variables in the survey efforts to back up the research that linked the dependant variable, perceptual experience of safety and subject among pupils, parents and instructors at in-between schools with the independent variable, execution of school uniforms. The survey besides include secondary informations from literary reappraisal along with primary informations gathered from the study limited to information complied by instructors, parents and pupils, which is expected that the survey will hold high internal cogency as it tests sentiments about a policy that may really be implemented and is of great involvement to the study participants. There is, nevertheless, a menace of prejudice since pupils, parent s and instructors are cognizant of others involved in the research and may alter their replies consequently. The research besides may hold high external cogency if the pupils are considered to be representative of all in-between school pupils in St. Lucie County. Therefore, it is anticipated that the information gathered will ensue in the null-hypothesis being rejected. Expected Findingss: It is anticipated that the void hypothesis will be rejected and the research perceptual experiences of safety and subject among pupils, parents and instructors in in-between schools are affected by the execution of school unvarying policies, will be supported. Harmonizing to Jolly ( 1999 ) school territories across the state are sing school unvarying policies because they appear to supply ready solutions to some of the facets of school safety, pack force, arms in school, and assaults associated with larceny of expensive vesture. Ethical Issues: To protect from injury the research worker will admit regard for individual the participant ‘s liberty and duty to esteem that liberty to protect participants with lessened liberty from possible development, and illustration of this would be the kids. In this survey Beneficence will besides be applied, which obligates the research worker to protect participants from injury every bit good as minimize hazards ensuing from the research. Confidentiality, privateness, and namelessness: The research worker will do equal commissariats to guarantee that participant ‘s individualities will non be revealed in the class of the research ore airing of research consequences. Then, there is Informed consent/assent, which may besides be needed mentioning to â€Å" Assent † if the possible research participants are kids of appropriate aged and have the ability to grok it means understanding to take part in research is needed and or release of acquiescence due to age if the research involves no more than minimum hazard. Finally, Justice, that requires just distribution by avoiding selected participants entirely because they are accessible or easy to act upon. Decision: Harmonizing to Jolly ( 1999 ) school territories across the state are sing school unvarying policies because they appear to supply ready solutions to some of the facets of school safety, pack force, arms in school, and assaults associated with larceny of expensive vesture. Research besides indicates the few public schools that have implemented school uniforms have done so in the belief that there will be a assortment of benefits for pupils. As the force bar plans continue, nevertheless, decision makers, instructors, parents, and pupils have noted a turning degree of force in schools. School functionaries have come to see school uniforms as one positive and originative manner to cut down force, subject jobs, and increase safety. They believe that the acceptance of school unvarying policies can advance school safety, better subject and heighten the acquisition environment. Any policy with such a positive impact on the module and pupils is good to the school. Finally, since school territories determine whether to follow school unvarying policies, each territory should reexamine the literature presented in the survey and the informations created for this research survey to find if they want to implement a school uniform policy. In add-on, schools that utilize school uniforms should ever describe their advancement so that future research workers will be able to do determinations on school uniform policy with minimal attempt.